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Bidirectional causality
Bidirectional causality








" Does more energy consumption bolster economic growth An application of the nonlinear threshold regression model,"Įnergy Policy, Elsevier, vol. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, Human Resource Management Academic Research Society, International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, vol. " The Effect of Energy Consumption on Economic Growth in Jordan," Muath Al-Khawaldeh & Ali Mustafa Al-Qudah, 2018.

bidirectional causality

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    bidirectional causality

    Chiou-Wei, Song Zan & Chen, Ching-Fu & Zhu, Zhen, 2008." Testing for a unit root in the nonlinear STAR framework,"

    bidirectional causality

  • Kapetanios, George & Shin, Yongcheol & Snell, Andy, 2003.
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    bidirectional causality

    For further research, the paper suggests extending the discussions on the trend process of energy consumption to the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) or to other regional energy organizations using panel data techniques. The asymmetric causality test revealed evidence of bidirectional causality between the positive impact of natural gas consumption and economic growth, and, unidirectional causality running from economic growth to negative impact of natural gas consumption.

    BIDIRECTIONAL CAUSALITY SERIES

    The results revealed that natural gas consumption and economic growth series follow nonlinear trend process as indicated by the KSS and Kruse tests, and that the relationship between natural gas consumption and economic growth in Nigeria is nonlinear as confirmed by the BDS and NOLS tests, where an increase in natural gas consumption increases economic growth. The techniques employed include the Kapetanios-Shin-Shell (KSS) nonlinear unit root test, Kruse nonlinear unit root test, Brock-Dechert-Scheinkman (BDS) nonlinearity test, Nonlinear Ordinary Least Squares (NOLS) model, and, the Hatemi-J asymmetric causality test. This paper carries out an econometric examination of nonlinear unit root and nonlinear causality in the natural gas-economic growth nexus in Nigeria.








    Bidirectional causality